Community Empowerment In Tourism Development : Concepts And Implications

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Tourism for a country is important. With tourism, a country or especially the local government where the tourist attraction is located, will get income from the income of each tourist attraction [1]. The tourism industry is a collection of interrelated tourism businesses that aim to meet the needs of tourists in organizing tourism. In order to meet the needs of tourists in organizing tourism, cooperation from various parties including the local community, government, local government, and tourism entrepreneurs is needed. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) stated that 2016 marked the seventh year in a row of sustained growth in international tourism (UNWTO, 2017). This is also evidenced by the position of tourism as an economic export category in the global ranking, where tourism ranks third after chemicals and fuels, and ahead of automotive and food products. It is an important element of economic diversification for both developing and developed countries and in developing countries it is a major export sector.
Tourism is a sector that contributes greatly to the economy. To make this sector successful, it requires intelligence in managing existing tourism assets, bothnatural and cultural assets. The successful tourism is not only to attract tourists to come as the main target, but rather to develop opportunities for community businesses in it to develop and progress. At present, tourism development efforts that are oriented towards local communities are considered to be less than optimal. Community empowerment is needed to manage tourism potential, the surrounding community must be involved in managing tourism [2]. The local community has an important role, especially for the development of the tourism industry. The development of community-based tourism emphasizes the role or active participation of the community in developing tourism. In the context of tourism, community engagement refers to the development of systems that enable all relevant community stakeholder groups to fully participate in collaborative decision-making, and share ownership of responsibilities and benefits [3].
Community-based tourism is one of the tourism concepts that includes community participation as the main element in tourism in order to achieve sustainable tourism development goals [4]. Communitybased tourism (CBT) is a type of sustainable tourism that promotes pro-poor strategies [5]. Community-based tourism (CBT) has considerable potential to make a significant contribution to sustainable local development [6].
The problem that arises is that the development of the tourism industry has not been directed at developing communitybased tourism. This is because communitybased tourism has not been seen as capable of bringing various benefits, where the community has a very important role in supporting tourism development.The concept of community-based tourism development emphasizes the role or active participation of the community in developing tourism. In fact, one of the goals of community-based tourism is to realize sustainable tourism development. By using the concept of community-based tourism (CBT), the community is expected to have contribution in tourism management. The local community has a very important role to play in realizing sustainable tourism. The community is the party that most understands the conditions, potential and characteristics of existing tourist objects, and is the main driver of tourism activities that can engender tourism activities in accordance with existing local potential, thus the objectives of tourism activities will be more easily achieved [7].
The role of government, local government, and tourism entrepreneurs is also very much needed to realize sustainable tourism. Contributions from external parties, for example government and industry, are needed to develop community-based tourism. The relationships with external actors are very important for developing tourism [8].

Community Empowerment Concepts in the Context of Tourism Development
Tourism is increasingly seen as a development tool for many countries to solve the problems they face. Tourism is seen as having a number of roles in this context, including the potential to increase income, foreign exchange, employment, economic diversification, and to empower individuals and communities [9]. In the tourism context, community empowerment is seen as a way to realize sustainable tourism development [3], [10]. Community empowerment is to create an atmosphere, condition or climate that allows the potential of the community to develop and can play an active role in developing empowerment and tourism in a sustainable manner [11], [12]. Tourism relies on the goodwill and cooperation of local communities [13]. Encouraging local communities to participate in tourism planning and management can enhance sustainable local development [14].
In the tourism development, community empowerment is a vital element in the implementation of sustainable tourism. Community empowerment is synonymous with giving power and voice to marginalized groups and local communities, so that it is based on collective action and the involvement of all community members rather than individual action [15].
Community empowerment should include meeting the real and perceived needs of the community, better access to resources, managing local organizations, and controlling environmental aspects socially through community capacity building, thus local involvement and future support for tourism  [16]. Community empowerment that is integrated with tourism development uses a Community Based Tourism approach [11], [17]- [20].  [27]. Community-Based Tourism (CBT) has been widely identified for its ability to boost the local economy, and has been introduced in many countries [28].

Community-Based
Community-based tourism is the development of tourism by empowering local communities with the aim of maintaining the sustainable culture, customs and local wisdom of a place [29]. Community-based tourism has the hope that the distribution of benefits from tourism businesses will be more directly accepted by the community. The community is the core player in the planning and implementation process, community involvement can be through an elected village committee.

METHODS
Metode Lots of books, research, and surveys about community involvement in tourism or community-based tourismhave been conducted.Community participation interest in tourism seems to have roots in America in the early 1970s. In 1972 Gunn campaigned for the use of a shared forum attended by community leaders, constituencies, and expected tourism designers. Gunn said that the benefits of the community approach he advocates for could benefit both residents and visitors.
The concept of community-based tourism was first popularized by Murphy (1985), tourism products are locally articulated and consumed, so tourism products and their consumers must be visible to local residents who are often very aware of the impact of tourism. Therefore tourism must involve local communities, as part of tourism products, including the industry must also involve local communities in decision making. The local community will also have to bear the cumulative impact of tourism development and they will need greater input, how the community is packaged and sold as a tourism product [13].
Community-based tourism is a type of tourism that includes community participation as the main element in tourism in order to achieve tourism development goals [18], [31], [37]. The main point of community-based tourism is the level of community participation [14]. If the level of community participation is high, the success of tourism development will be greater, but if the level of community participation in tourism development activities is low, the success will also be low [38].
In practice, the application of the concept of community-based tourism to develop tourism still encounters various obstacles and challenges.The obstacles that often arise are related to the low community participation in the tourism development process [39], [40], the lack of community participation in tourism development due to the low level of human resource participation [41]. The low level of community participation is caused by low public perceptions of tourism [28], lack of public understanding of the benefits of the tourism industry and limited access to decisionmaking are factors that cause slow community participation in tourism development thereby hindering tourism progress [17], [38]. From the explanation above, it can be concluded that the community-based tourism model is a type of tourism that includes community participation as the main element in tourism development in order to achieve development goals and sustainable tourism [14], [31], [37], [38]. The way that can be done to increase community participation is to provide knowledge regarding the importance of tourism development and the benefits obtained from tourism development activities [17], [42]. Thus, the development model proposed is: 1. Providing socialization, education and training to the community regarding the importance of developing Community-Based Tourism. This is based on the fact that community participation is low because the knowledge of the importance of tourism development is also low [28]. Community participation can be strengthened by cultural and technical education, thus increasing the ability of community participation [13], [24], [38], [43]. It needs a good synergy between the community, government, private parties and educational There needs to be clear rules and management regarding the division of tasks between stakeholders [17], so that there is no longer an imbalance of authority and there is no overlapping of powers [5], [8], [24], [41]. Transparency and openness are needed between stakeholders and the community as a mechanism to ensure local community participation in planning, implementing and monitoring tourism development [42], [45]. In line with [40], [46], which put forward that tourism development must contain the principles of participation and cooperation, expressing the values of justice, equality and sustainability.
3. Utilizing the sustainable use of local resources [18]. One of the strengths of this tourism is big dependency on local natural and cultural resources [17], [28], where these assets are owned and managed by all members of the community, both individually and in groups, including those without financial resources. This can foster concern, self-respect [47] and pride in all members of society. Thus the existing resources increase in value, price and become a reason for visitors to visit tourist attractions [27].
The positive impact that arises in the cultural aspect is related to the active involvement of the community in supporting cultural preservation. This is because the party who understands the culture best is the local community, especially if there is an element of learning or exchanging cultural information in it so that it will have a positive impact on cultural preservation [17], [39], [49]. Active community participation in tourism development activities is one of the indicators of the successful CBT [14], [18], [31], [37].
The positive impact of the successful development of Community-Based Tourism on political aspect is that CBT provides opportunities to increase local community participation, increase local community independence from outside intervention, and guarantee the rights of local communities to manage their own natural resources with the support of stakeholders so that they can make a significant contribution to sustainable local development [5], [12], [37], [50]. Meanwhile, from the environmental aspect, the application of a tourism development pattern that encourages environmental preservation  [20], environmental aspect significantly influences tourism development [28], [40]

CONCLUSION
The concept of community-based tourism was first popularized by Murphy (1985), tourism products are locally articulated and consumed, so tourism products and their consumers must be visible to local residents who are often very aware of the impact of tourism. Conceptually, community-based tourism (CBT) places the community as the main actor in tourism development, in which in practice there are principles that must exist to support the success of tourism development.Communitybased tourism is a type of tourism that includes community participation as the main element in tourism to achieve tourism development goals. The proposed conceptual model is providing socialization, education and training to the community; providing clear division of tasks between the parties involved and utilization of local resources in a sustainable manner. The successful development of Community-Based Tourism has a positive impact on economic, social, cultural, political and environmental aspects.