The Role of International Human Rights Norms in Combating Discrimination and Promoting Equality
Main Article Content
Abstract
This research explores the role of international human rights norms in combating discrimination and promoting equality in Indonesia. This paper examines the influence of international human rights norms on legal and policy reform, the implementation of these norms in addressing discrimination, and their overall effectiveness in the Indonesian context. Its theoretical framework includes an intersectionality approach to discrimination and recognizes the social construction of discriminatory practices. The study used a mixed methods approach, including literature review, legal framework analysis, and case studies, to provide a comprehensive analysis. Its findings show significant alignment between international human rights norms and Indonesia's legal framework. However, there are still challenges in its implementation due to limited awareness, cultural barriers, weak institutional capacity, and regional variations. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of raising awareness, overcoming cultural barriers, and strengthening institutional capacity to strengthen the role of international human rights norms in combating discrimination and promoting equality in Indonesia.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
J. Choi, J.-E. Lee, B. Choi, J. Kim, and S. E. Lee, “Experiences and Perceptions of Gender Discrimination and Equality among Korean Surgeons: Results of a Survey of the Korean Surgical Society.,” J. Korean Med. Sci., vol. 36, no. 48, p. e323, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e323.
F. Lütz, “Gender equality and artificial intelligence in Europe. Addressing direct and indirect impacts of algorithms on gender-based discrimination,” ERA Forum, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 33–52, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s12027-022-00709-6.
A. Lindahl, R. Heuchel, J. Forshed, J. Lehtiö, M. Löhr, and A. Nordström, “Discrimination of pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis by LC-MS metabolomics.,” Metabolomics, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 61, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s11306-017-1199-6.
J. B. Fine, K. Mayall, and L. Sepúlveda, “The Role of International Human Rights Norms in the Liberalization of Abortion Laws Globally.,” Health Hum. Rights, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 69–80, Jun. 2017.
A. Jain, “Discrimination against persons afflicted with leprsoy as a violation of their international human rights,” PEOPLE Int. J. Soc. Sci., vol. 5, no. 2, 2019, doi: 10.20319/pijss10.20319/pijss.2019.52.454470.
R. Gião Hanek and L. Farkas, “The Potential of the Charter in Fighting Hate: Enforcing International Human Rights Standards Through Victims’ Rights,” SSRN Electron. J., 2020, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3731343.
B. Gunes, “Can human rights and equality institution of Turkey play an active role in combating discrimination,” Pressacademia, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 296–303, 2017, doi: 10.17261/pressacademia.2017.697.
S. Falaah, “Islamic Shari’ah and the Rights of Women: The Maldives’ Thirst for International Human Rights Norms of Equality and Non-Discrimination,” vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 101–130, 2016, doi: doi:10.1515/mwjhr-2016-0009.
M. Och, “The local diffusion of international human rights norms – understanding the cities for CEDAW campaign,” Int. Fem. J. Polit., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 425–443, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1080/14616742.2018.1447312.
T. Risse and K. Sikkink, “The socialization of international human rights norms into domestic practices: introduction,” in The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change, K. Sikkink, S. C. Ropp, and T. Risse, Eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 1–38. doi: DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511598777.002.
Y. Zhengqing, L. Zhiyong, and Z. Xiaofei, “China and the Remolding of International Human Rights Norms,” Soc. Sci. China, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 25–46, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1080/02529203.2017.1339437.
C. A. Limina and D. Setiawan, “Ecclesiast: A Novel Exploring Atheist Morality & Discrimination in Indonesia,” K@ta Kita, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 215–224, 2022, doi: 10.9744/katakita.10.2.215-224.
A. Hunga and T. Mahatma, “Capturing Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) Initiative in Indonesia: Case Studies in Higher Education,” pp. 1–16, 2020, doi: 10.4108/eai.10-7-2019.2298871.
E. Maryani, P. A. Janitra, and D. Rahmawan, “‘Aliansi Laki-Laki Baru’: The Role of Social Media in Promoting Gender Equality in Indonesia,” SALASIKA Indones. J. Gender, Women, Child, Soc. Inclusion’s Stud., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 107–122, 2018, doi: 10.36625/sj.v1i2.19.
R. Ardhanariswari and T. Haryanto, “Gender Equality in Politics (Study on The Indonesian Constitutional Court’s Decisions on Judicial Review Related to Women’s Political Participation),” J. Din. Huk., vol. 21, no. 3, 2021, doi: 10.20884/1.jdh.2021.21.3.2844.
D. Sulistianingsih and R. M. A. Ilyasa, “THE IMPACT OF TRIPS AGREEMENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS IN INDONESIA,” Indones. Priv. Law Rev., vol. 3, no. 2 SE-Articles, pp. 85–98, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.25041/iplr.v3i2.2579.
M. Muzani, A. Fatimah, M. Imsa, and A. Casmana, “The obstacles hierarchy of school disaster preparedness implementation in Mount Sinabung area, Indonesia,” Front. Educ., vol. 7, p. 842990, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.3389/feduc.2022.842990.
S. Bhanbhro, T. Kamal, R. W. Diyo, N. I. Lipoeto, and H. Soltani, “Factors affecting maternal nutrition and health: A qualitative study in a matrilineal community in Indonesia,” PLoS One, vol. 15, no. 6, p. e0234545, Jun. 2020, [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234545
Wahyu Wagiman and Mutia Salsabila, “Civil Society’s Contributions and Challenges in the Development of Business and Human Rights Policy in Indonesia,” Yuridika, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 497–514, 2022, doi: 10.20473/ydk.v37i2.36280.
M. Mercat-Bruns, D. B. Oppenheimer, and C. Sartorius, “Enforcement and Effectiveness of Antidiscrimination Law: Global Commonalities and Practices BT - Comparative Perspectives on the Enforcement and Effectiveness of Antidiscrimination Law: Challenges and Innovative Tools,” M. Mercat-Bruns, D. B. Oppenheimer, and C. Sartorius, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 3–13. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-90068-1_1.
D. Rahmawati, K. P. Tucunan, F. R. N. Irsyad, and J. R. Budiani, “Planning and policy effectiveness toward sustainable housing provision in Indonesia through econometric approach,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 1015, no. 1, p. 12018, 2022, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1015/1/012018.
C. Fahmi and M. Siddiq Armia, “Protecting Indigenous Collective Land Property in Indonesia under International Human Rights Norms,” J. Southeast Asian Hum. Rights; Vol 6 No 1 June 2022, 2022, doi: 10.19184/jseahr.v6i1.30242.
Brigitta Raras Ayu Roesedi, Arina Bhuana Sari, Isnin Harianti, and Gisca Azaria Ramadhani, “Fulfillment of Human Rights By Transnational Corporations In Indonesia: Perspective of International Norms,” YURISDIKSI J. Wacana Huk. dan Sains, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 400–414, 2022, doi: 10.55173/yurisdiksi.v17i4.105.
D. Asmawi and D. Yuli Yasin, “International Human Rights Law and The Progressive Muslim’s Perspective on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Status in Indonesia,” vol. 162, no. Iclj 2017, pp. 55–59, 2018, doi: 10.2991/iclj-17.2018.13.
J. Fraser, Social Institutions and International Human Rights Law Implementation: Every Organ of Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. doi: DOI: 10.1017/9781108777711.
F. U. Najicha, I. G. A. K. R. Handayani, and Hartiwiningsih, “Legal Protection ‘Substantive Rights for Environmental Quality’ on Environmental Law Against Human Rights in the Constitution in Indonesia,” vol. 140, no. Icleh, pp. 719–724, 2020, doi: 10.2991/aebmr.k.200513.136.
B. G. Sanger, “PERLINDUNGAN HAK POLITIK PEREMPUAN SEBAGAI HAK ASASI MANUSIA DAN PENGATURANNYA DALAM KONVENSI INTERNASIONAL,” Lex Soc., vol. 7, no. 3, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.35796/les.v7i3.24689.
R. A. Putri, . I., and A. Pratiwi, “Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia Terhadap Diskriminasi Kesempatan Mendapatkan Upah Bagi Tenaga Kerja Perempuan Di Indonesia,” J. Bina Mulia Huk., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 259–278, 2019, doi: 10.23920/jbmh.v3n2.20.
K. A. Wardana, “Kebebasan Beragama Sebagai Hak Asasi Manusia Di Indonesia: Pertentangan Universalisme Dan Relativisme Budaya,” J. Huk. Progresif, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 63–75, 2022, doi: 10.14710/jhp.10.1.63-75.