Spatial Mapping of Historical Flood Intensity Impacting Automotive Facilities in Jabodetabek
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Flooding is a recurring hydrometeorological disaster that has a significant impact on Jabodetabek, including the sustainability of the automotive industry as one of the country’s strategic sectors. This study aims to map the historical flood intensity and analyze its implications for automotive supply chain facilities. Sentinel-1 imagery was applied to detect inundation, complemented by permanent water body and built-up area masking from Sentinel-2, as well as the integration of spatial data on road networks and automotive facilities. The results indicate that more than 53% of the affected area experienced recurrent flooding (>25 times), with Bogor City, Bekasi Regency, and Tangerang Regency being the most extensively inundated regions. A total of 61% of automotive facilities were exposed to flooding, and 47% of the road network in Jabodetabek was inundated at least once over the past five years. These findings highlight systemic vulnerabilities that threaten the continuity of the Just-in-Time supply chain, marked by potential production delays, increased logistics costs, and reduced efficiency. This study recommends integrating spatial risk analysis into facility planning, strengthening infrastructure, providing alternative distribution routes, and leveraging GIS-based digital technologies to enhance visibility and resilience of the automotive supply chain in Jabodetabek.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
B. I. Nasution, F. M. Saputra, R. Kurniawan, A. N. Ridwan, A. Fudholi, and B. Sumargo, “Urban vulnerability to floods investigation in jakarta, Indonesia: A hybrid optimized fuzzy spatial clustering and news media analysis approach,” Int. J. disaster risk Reduct., vol. 83, p. 103407, 2022.
WorldBank, “Pathways to Integrated Urban Water Management for Greater Jakarta,” World Bank, 2021. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099230103072290487/pdf/P17075703872a603a085b004de6ca21efb7.pdf
Algo, “Economic Losses from Flooding in Jakarta Reach IDR 2 Trillion Annually,” Algo, 2025. https://algoresearch.id/insight/content/2025/03/19/economic-losses-from-flooding-in-jakarta-reach-idr-2-trillion-annually (accessed May 25, 2025).
W. G. Bennett et al., “Modelling compound flooding: a case study from Jakarta, Indonesia,” Nat. Hazards, vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 277–305, 2023.
T. Endendijk, W. J. W. Botzen, H. de Moel, K. Slager, M. Kok, and J. C. J. H. Aerts, “Enhancing resilience: Understanding the impact of flood hazard and vulnerability on business interruption and losses,” Water Resour. Econ., vol. 46, p. 100244, 2024.
P. Wicaksono, Y. Hikmah, and R. N. Ilmiawani, “Productivity and global value chains: A tale from the Indonesian automobile sector,” Economies, vol. 11, no. 10, p. 262, 2023.
Y. Wu, Y. Wu, and Harrison, Achieving supply chain agility. Springer, 2019.
M. Christopher, Logistics and supply chain management. Pearson Uk, 2022.
D. Ivanov, A. Tsipoulanidis, and J. Schönberger, “Supply chain risk management and resilience,” in Global supply chain and operations management: A decision-oriented introduction to the creation of value, Springer, 2021, pp. 485–520.
P. Kiparisov, V. Lagutov, and G. Pflug, “Quantification of Loss of Access to Critical Services during Floods in Greater Jakarta: Integrating Social, Geospatial, and Network Perspectives,” Remote Sens., vol. 15, no. 21, p. 5250, 2023.
A. Pindarwati, A. W. Wijayanto, P. Rosyani, and M. F. N. Maghfiroh, “Integrating Satellite Imagery and Multicriteria Decision Analysis for High-Resolution Flood Vulnerability Mapping: A Case Study of Jakarta, Indonesia,” Int. J. Adv. Data Inf. Syst., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 308–319, 2025.
M. Tayyab et al., “Gis-based urban flood resilience assessment using urban flood resilience model: A case study of peshawar city, khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan,” Remote Sens., vol. 13, no. 10, p. 1864, 2021.
S. Banerjee, S. Sinha Chaudhuri, R. Mehra, and A. Misra, “A survey on Lee filter and its improved variants,” Adv. Smart Commun. Technol. Inf. Process. OPTRONIX 2020, pp. 371–383, 2021.
H. Farhadi, A. Kiani, H. Ebadi, and A. Asgary, “Development of an automatic time-series flood mapping framework using Sentinel-1 and 2 imagery,” Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess., pp. 1–29, 2025.
A. Risling, S. Lindersson, and L. Brandimarte, “A comparison of global flood models using Sentinel-1 and a change detection approach,” Nat. Hazards, vol. 120, no. 12, pp. 11133–11152, 2024.
J. Chen, S. Chen, C. Yang, L. He, M. Hou, and T. Shi, “A comparative study of impervious surface extraction using Sentinel-2 imagery,” Eur. J. Remote Sens., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 274–292, 2020.
M. Tesfaye and L. Breuer, “Performance of water indices for large-scale water resources monitoring using Sentinel-2 data in Ethiopia,” Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 196, no. 5, p. 467, 2024.
X. Peng, S. Chen, Z. Miao, Y. Xu, M. Ye, and P. Lu, “Automatic flood monitoring method with SAR and optical data using Google earth engine,” Water, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 177, 2025.
W. Xu, Y. Zhang, D. Proverbs, and Z. Zhong, “Enhancing the resilience of road networks to flooding,” Int. J. Build. Pathol. Adapt., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 213–236, 2024.
A. S. Pambudi, “Sustainable Lake/Situ Management,” Indones. J. Appl. Res., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 79–91, 2021.
M. Garschagen, G. A. K. Surtiari, and M. Harb, “Is Jakarta’s new flood risk reduction strategy transformational?,” Sustainability, vol. 10, no. 8, p. 2934, 2018.
B. Eldem, A. Kluczek, and J. Bagiński, “The COVID-19 impact on supply chain operations of automotive industry: A case study of sustainability 4.0 based on Sense–Adapt–Transform framework,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 10, p. 5855, 2022.
S. A. Hosseini Shekarabi, R. Kiani Mavi, and F. Romero Macau, “Supply chain resilience: A critical review of risk mitigation, robust optimisation, and technological solutions and future research directions,” Glob. J. Flex. Syst. Manag., pp. 1–55, 2025.
Y. Guo, F. Liu, J.-S. Song, and S. Wang, “Supply chain resilience: A review from the inventory management perspective,” Fundam. Res., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 450–463, 2025.
S. Hosseini, D. Ivanov, and A. Dolgui, “Review of quantitative methods for supply chain resilience analysis,” Transp. Res. part E Logist. Transp. Rev., vol. 125, pp. 285–307, 2019.
Y.-F. Huang, V.-D.-V. Phan, and M.-H. Do, “The impacts of supply chain capabilities, visibility, resilience on supply chain performance and firm performance,” Adm. Sci., vol. 13, no. 10, p. 225, 2023.
L. Wu, Z. Zhang, J. Huang, I. Su, and S. Tian, “Digital technologies and supply chain resilience: a resource-action-performance perspective,” Inf. Syst. Front., pp. 1–22, 2025.